分析与解答:
在n→+∞时,√(a6k+a3k)中的a3k可以忽略不计.于是
(∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k)))(∑_(k=1)^(n)√(a6k+a3k))−(∑_(k=1)^(n)a_(k))^(2);≥ (∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k)))(∑_(k=1)^(n)a3k)−(∑_(k=1)^(n)a_(k))^(2);这里用Cauchy不等式可得≥0,但无法取得等号(a_(k)为不同正整数),于是考虑使用Lagrange恒等式,并进行化简:
(∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k)))(∑_(k=1)^(n)a3k)−(∑_(k=1)^(n)a_(k))^(2);= ∑_(1≤i<j≤n)⎛⎝⎜√((a3j)/(a_(i)))−√((a3i)/(a_(j)))⎞⎠⎟^(2);= ∑_(1≤i<j≤n)((a2i−a2j)^(2))/(a_(i)a_(j));= ∑_(1≤i<j≤n)((a_(i)+a_(j))^(2))/(a_(i)a_(j))⋅(a_(i)−a_(j))^(2);> ∑_(1≤i<j≤n)4(a_(i)−a_(j))^(2);(注:以上放缩看似无法取等,但在n→+∞时是能够接近取等的.)
不妨设a_(1)<a_(2)<⋯<a_(n),由整数的离散性知:
于是
∑_(1≤i<j≤n)4(a_(i)−a_(j))^(2);≥ 4∑_(1≤i<j≤n)(j−i)^(2);= 4⎛⎝n∑_(k=1)^(n)k^(2)−(∑_(k=1)^(n)k)^(2)⎞⎠;= (1)/(3)n^(2)(n^(2)−1);于是λ=(1)/(3)时,不等式成立.
下证:λ≤(1)/(3),只需根据以上放缩过程,取一组a_(k),将不等式左边放大成常数.
取a_(i)=i+X(X为待定的自然数),注意到
a6k+a3k≤(a3k+(1)/(2))^(2)于是
(∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k)))(∑_(k=1)^(n)√(a6k+a3k))−(∑_(k=1)^(n)a_(k))^(2);≤ (∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k)))(∑_(k=1)^(n)(a3k+(1)/(2)))−(∑_(k=1)^(n)a_(k))^(2);= ∑_(1≤i<j≤n)(4+((a_(i)−a_(j))^(2))/(a_(i)a_(j)))⋅(a_(i)−a_(j))^(2)+(n)/(2)⋅∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k));= 4∑_(1≤i<j≤n)(i−j)^(2)+∑_(1≤i<j≤n)((i−j)^(2))/(a_(i)a_(j))+(n)/(2)⋅∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k));令X→+∞,可得
∑_(1≤i<j≤n)((i−j)^(2))/(a_(i)a_(j))+(n)/(2)⋅∑_(k=1)^(n)(1)/(a_(k))→0于是
λn^(2)(n^(2)−1)≤4∑_(1≤i<j≤n)(i−j)^(2)=(n^(2)(n^(2)−1))/(3)即λ≤(1)/(3),证毕.
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